Online hemodiafiltration (Ol-HDF) and expanded hemodialysis (HDx
using medium cut-off dialyzers) have shown superior removal of diverse uremic toxins, particularly middle molecules and inflammatory cytokines, compared to conventional hemodialysis (HD). However, the relative efficacy of toxin removal between HDx and Ol-HDF remains unclear. This study aimed to compare these two techniques. A randomized controlled trial was conducted among thrice-weekly hemodialysis patients. Participants were randomized into either a post-dilution Ol-HDF group or an HDx group using two types of medium cut-off dialyzers (Theranova 500