BACKGROUND: Increased prevalence of problematic smartphone use (PSU) in adolescents, results in a cycle of interaction between PSU and social anxiety. However, it is still unknown whether PSU and social anxiety symptoms have interacted among adolescents and whether there are gender differences in these symptoms. Therefore, this study investigated the gender differences in the symptom interactions between PSU and social anxiety via symptom network analysis. METHODS: This study included 2918 adolescents (52.71% boys
M RESULTS: The most influential symptoms were "productivity loss" and "afraid of negative evaluation". "Afraid of negative evaluation" was the bridge through which PSU was related to social anxiety. Gender differences were not found in network strength but occurred in network structure. Although girls reported more social anxiety, boys had a tighter network structure. The correlation between PSU and social anxiety was greater in boys than in girls. The "inability to control craving" was particularly critical for girls, while "feeling anxious and lost" was prominent for boys. CONCLUSIONS: The current study highlights the symptom interactions between PSU and social anxiety among adolescents and the gender differences in network structures. Further intervention that targets "afraid of negative evaluation" may disassociate the interaction between PSU and social anxiety symptoms. In particular, changing girls' cognitive ability (e.g., inhibition) and boys' negative emotions are potentially effective means of intervention. The limitations of the cross-sectional design and data-driven methodology necessitate interpreting the results with caution.