China's aluminium industry, contributing 50% of the global aluminium sector's GHG emissions, is undergoing technology upgrading and energy transition. Facing the dual challenges of carbon neutrality and air pollution control, it is necessary to investigate the GHG emissions and air quality related health risks from aluminium production. Here, we traced the spatiotemporal GHG and air pollutant emissions from China's aluminium industry since 2010. We found that the annual GHG emissions increased from 313 Mt CO