STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether oral olanzapine or oral diazepam was more effective at achieving behavioral containment for young people presenting to the emergency department with acute severe behavioral disturbance. METHODS: We conducted an open-label, multicenter, randomized controlled trial from October 22, 2021, to November 6, 2023. We enrolled young people aged between 9 and 17 years with acute severe behavioral disturbance deemed to require oral medication across 9 Australian emergency departments. We randomly assigned participants to a single weight-based oral dose of olanzapine or diazepam. The primary outcome was successful sedation (Sedation Assessment Tool score less than or equal to 0) without the need for additional sedatives one hour postrandomization. Secondary outcomes included adverse events
length of stay
aggression toward staff, participants, or parent/guardians
disposition
and satisfaction with care. RESULTS: We recruited 348 participants, with 176 assigned to olanzapine and 172 to diazepam. Successful sedation without the requirement for additional sedatives occurred in 103/168 (61%) in the olanzapine group and 90/158 (57%) in the diazepam group (adjusted risk difference 3.6%, 95% confidence interval -6.7% to 14.0%). No serious adverse events were reported in either group. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence that oral olanzapine resulted in a greater proportion of participants with acute severe behavioral disturbance achieving successful sedation at one hour postrandomization than oral diazepam. Neither medication resulted in any serious adverse events
however, approximately 40% of participants in each group did not achieve successful sedation.