Cottonseed cake (CSC) is a cost-effective and important protein source for ruminants. In India, Bt cotton has replaced 96% of non-Bt, making Bt CSC, the predominant byproduct available for animal feeding. While some studies have assessed the effect of Bt genes and proteins on livestock health, no long-term evaluations have been conducted. This study investigated the prolonged effects of feeding Bt cottonseed cake on growth performance, feed intake, and blood parameters in rams, particularly within tropical systems Eighteen male rams were divided into three treatment groups: G