BACKGROUND: Women appear to have a higher risk for long term restrictions in participation than men. This gender difference is poorly understood, as solely biomedical factors have been examined to date. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study are (1) to map gender differences in participation outcome one year after stroke, and (2) to identify demographic, stroke-related, or psychological predictors of participation for women and men separately. METHODS: A total of 326 patients (mean age 66.5 ± 12.4y, 35.0% women) completed the restriction and satisfaction subscales of the Utrecht Scale of Evaluation of Rehabilitation-Participation (USER-P) at one year after stroke. Bivariate and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Women reported worse scores for restrictions in participation compared to men (median 75.4 versus 87.9 respectively, CONCLUSIONS: Women experience more restrictions in participation compared to men one year after stroke. Taking into account gender-specific predictors of participation in stroke aftercare is important, as different biopsychosocial factors contribute to problems in participation across women and men.