BACKGROUND: The long-term survival after surgery for esophageal cancer has improved over the past few decades, but studies that assess recent survival trends are lacking. METHODS: This population-based cohort study included 2291 patients who underwent esophagectomy for esophageal cancer in Sweden between 2000 and 2020, with follow-up until 2024. Data came from medical records and national registries. Calendar time was analyzed as a continuous and categorized variable. The main outcome was all-cause 5-year mortality. Secondary outcomes were disease-specific 5-year mortality and 1-year all-cause mortality. Multivariable Cox regression provided hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for age, sex, comorbidity, tumor histology, neoadjuvant therapy, hospital volume, and pathological tumor stage. RESULTS: The study period witnessed increasing resection rates, centralization to fewer hospitals, and improving postoperative 5-year survival. When analyzing calendar time as a continuous variable, the adjusted HR for all-cause 5-year mortality was 0.97 (95% CI 0.95-0.98). In categorized analyses, the HRs decreased for each later time period and was 0.57 (95% CI 0.47-0.69) comparing the surgery period 2015-2020 with 2000-2004. The trends were similar for disease-specific 5-year mortality and all-cause 1-year mortality. In stratified analyses, patients with Charlson comorbidity score ≥2 had the strongest improvement in all-cause 5-year mortality (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.30-0.69 comparing surgery in 2015-2020 with 2000-2004). CONCLUSIONS: The recent 5-year survival has improved after surgery for esophageal cancer in Sweden. This improvement is not explained by lower surgery rates or selection of surgical candidates of younger age, fewer comorbidities, or earlier tumor stage.