This study focused on the Hualiangting Reservoir Basin in Taihu County, where 42 well water samples and 20 spring water samples were collected to measure the primary hydrochemical indicators. Using a comprehensive suite of methods including mathematical statistics, Piper diagrams, Gibbs diagrams, ion ratios, and factor analysis, the study examined the characteristics and influencing factors of well and spring water within the area. Water quality was assessed based on the entropy-weighted quality index （EWQI）, and the potential risks associated with nitrate （NO