Textile materials are extensively used due to their advantageous properties
however, their inherent flammability presents significant safety risks, particularly in residential and historical settings. To mitigate these risks, the integration of flame-retardant agents into textile fabrics is essential for enhancing fire resistance and advancing sustainable development. In this study, cotton-polyester fabrics were treated with a flame-retardant composite containing nano graphene oxide (NGO), sodium hypophosphite dihydrate (SHFDH), and lignin (L). The flame-retardant properties were evaluated using the limited oxygen index (LOI) test, with treated fabrics achieving a notable LOI value of 33 %, compared to 17 % for the untreated control. Thermal stability and surface morphology were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The treated fabrics also achieved a V0 rating in the UL 94 vertical flame test, whereas untreated fabrics exhibited a burning rate of 110 mm/min. Antibacterial performance was significantly enhanced, with the treated fabrics showing a 15 mm inhibition zone, compared to no inhibition observed in untreated samples. Moreover, toxic gas emissions during combustion including CO, CO₂, SO₂, NOx, and NO were reduced by 61 %, 50 %, 54 %, 60 %, and 66 %, respectively. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of incorporating green flame-retardant chemicals in significantly improving the thermal stability, flame resistance, and antibacterial properties of fabrics, contributing to both safety and sustainability.