Osteoporosis is not merely a disease of bone loss but also involves changes in the mineral composition of the bone that remains. In vitro studies have investigated these changes and revealed that estrogen deficiency alters osteoblast mineral deposition, osteocyte mechanosensitivity, and osteocyte regulation of osteoclastogenesis. During healthy bone development, vascular cells stimulate bone mineralization via endochondral ossification, but estrogen deficiency impairs vascularization. Yet, existing in vitro bone models overlook the role of vascular cells in osteoporosis pathology. Thus, here we