The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial regulatory role in the growth and development of plants, as well as in their response to environmental stresses. In this study, we identified 94 ChbHLHs from Cerasus humilis, an economically valuable tree native to northern China. We analyzed their evolutionary relationships, gene structures, chromosome distributions, promoter cis-regulatory elements, and collinearity. Our analysis revealed numerous cis-regulatory elements associated with phytohormone responses and abiotic stress within the upstream promoter sequences of ChbHLH genes. The transcriptome results indicated that 84 ChbHLHs exhibited differential expression under drought conditions. Among those with upregulated expression levels, we selected ChMYC2 (ChbHLH93) for further investigation. Overexpressing ChMYC2 in Arabidopsis thaliana led to significantly elevated expression of drought-responsive genes compared to wild-type (WT) plants, resulting in enhanced drought resistance. Furthermore, we identified a gene, ChABI5 (ABA-insensitive 5), which interacts with ChMYC2. This study provides valuable genetic resources for future cultivation efforts aimed at developing stress-resistant and economically viable trees.