This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor. Concerns raised on PubPeer (https://pubpeer.com/publications/6B1D14C0DD4B045D5CAC66FA68CE06#) were investigated. Figures. 5B and 6B are composed of numerous individual images, and it is confirmed that despite these figures apparently demonstrating different phenomena, several of these images are duplicated within the same figure and/or appear in both figures. It is noteworthy that one of the duplicated images in figure. 5B has been rotated. Furthermore, it is additionally noted that one of the images duplicated in figures. 5B and 6B was originally published as part of the graphical abstract and figure. 4 of Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 56 (2020) 101560 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101560
another image from figure. 4 of the same earlier publication also subsequently reappears as an unduplicated image forming part of figure. 6B. The corresponding author was contacted for comment about these concerns but was unable to provide a satisfactory explanation. The Editor has therefore lost confidence in the reliability of the findings presented in this article as a whole. Finally, unauthorised authorship changes were made when the revised version of this paper was submitted, following suggestions for relatively minor revisions from the reviewers and Guest Editor, with authors Kathirvel Brindhadevi, Hakim AL. Garalleh and Mazen Garaleh being added to the paper. No satisfactory explanation was given for this change, nor was it approved by the editor. This authorship change breaches the policies of the journal and as a result, the editor no longer has confidence in this paper and is retracting it. The journal apologises for not having identified the problematic authorship change during the review process and for any resulting inconvenience.