UNLABELLED: This aimed to investigate associations between the vitamin D status and handgrip strength in children and adolescents considering weight status. Participants aged 7 to <
16 years from the European IDEFICS/I.Family cohort were included. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and handgrip strength were measured in 2013/2014. In multivariable logistic regression models, we investigated the association of vitamin D status with handgrip strength adjusted for demographic variables, BMI z-score, sports club membership, screen time and UV intensity. Vitamin D-sufficient children had higher odds for a high handgrip strength (OR = 1.92, 95%-CI: 1.12, 3.30), but this association was limited to children with thinness/normal weight (OR = 2.60, 95%-CI: 1.41-4.81). Children with overweight (OR = 2.64, 95%-CI: 2.00, 3.49) and obesity (OR = 4.53, 95%-CI: 2.93, 7.02) were more likely to have a high handgrip strength than thin/normal weight children. CONCLUSIONS: The positive association of vitamin D with muscle strength in our study is limited to children with low and normal BMI. In children with overweight or obesity, the higher muscle strength seems to superimpose the association with vitamin D. Overall, our results indicate the importance of sufficient levels of vitamin D and offers physical activity perspectives for children with overweight and obesity. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN: https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN62310987 . WHAT IS KNOWN: • Studies have shown a positive association between vitamin D status and handgrip strength in older adults while studies in children and adolescents are scarce. • Conflicting results were found on whether overweight and obesity are associated with reduced or increased handgrip strength compared to normal weight. WHAT IS NEW: • The results of this large pan-European study in children and adolescents indicate that a sufficient vitamin D status is associated with better handgrip strength, particularly in participants with thinness/normal weight. • Children with overweight and obesity have a higher handgrip strength as compared to children with thinness/normal weight which seems to superimpose the positive association between vitamin D status and handgrip strength in this group.