Magnesium-based materials are rapidly emerging in recent years to primarily assist in mitigating global warming and for health benefits. They are seen as materials of the future due to their lightweight, nutritional characteristics and abundance on Earth. Their applications are in a wide array of engineering and biomedical sectors, promising a multi-billion-dollar market in the very near future. The applicability of magnesium-based materials also suits the current emphasis on sustainability and a greener earth. This book was thus conceptualized and highlights important areas of current research and future directions including fundamental and applied principles related to primary and secondary processing types, microstructural evolution, machining, joining, and the past and current application scenario of magnesium-based materials.