Disorders of consciousness (DoC) resulting from severe brain injury present substantial challenges in rehabilitation due to disruptions in brain network connectivity, particularly within the frontal-parietal network critical for awareness. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has emerged as a promising non-invasive intervention
however, the precise mechanisms through which it influences cortical function in DoC patients remain unclear. This study describes the effects of taVNS on fronto-parietal network connectivity and arousal in a 77-year-old female patient with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS). The patient received bilateral taVNS for 1 h daily over 3 months, with functional connectivity (FC) in the frontoparietal network assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and behavioral responsiveness evaluated through the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R). After taVNS intervention, mean FC was enhanced from 0.06 (SD = 0.31) to 0.33 (SD = 0.28) in the frontal-parietal network. The frontal-parietal were subdivided into 12 regions of interest (ROIs) and it was determined that the FC between the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the left prefrontal ROIs was 0.06 ± 0.41 before the intervention and 0.55 ± 0.24 after the intervention. Behavioral improvements were evidenced by an increase in CRS-R scores from 2 to 14, marking the patient's transition from UWS to minimally conscious state plus (MCS+). Additionally, regions associated with auditory and sensory processing showed increased cortical engagement, supporting the positive impact of taVNS on cortical responsiveness. This suggests its value as a non-invasive adjunctive therapy in the rehabilitation of DoC patients. Further studies are necessary to confirm these effects in a wider patient population and to refine the strategy for clinical application of taVNS.