Soilless systems have become increasingly popular as effective solutions for regions with infertile soil, low water availability, limited space, and environmental pollution. There is limited information on the role of soilless culture in the production of medicinal plants. While some research has examined growth rates and yields, there is not enough data on how these systems affect nutrient uptake, physiological properties, and water use efficiency (WUE) in medicinal plants. This research investigated soilless systems as alternative techniques for cultivating watercress (