Coal mining has resulted in pollution of groundwater in mining areas, which poses a risk to human health. However, understanding of groundwater evolution in mining areas and the associated implications remains insufficient. This study collected 13 groundwater samples from an abandoned coal mine in southwestern China. Ionic ratio analysis, hydrochemical simulation, health risk assessment, and entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) were applied to characterize the groundwater quality and the associated risks to human health. Monte Carlo analysis was used to quantify the uncertainty in the health risk assessment. The results indicated that the groundwater samples are of the HCO