This study examines the potential options for implementing an energy efficient lighting program in Afghanistan. It analyzes the range of energy efficient options available in the region and identifies the best choices for specific market segments in off-grid and grid connected areas. Based on this analysis, it is recommended that in rural areas, where grid (local or from main network) is neither available nor likely to be available soon, lead emitting diode (LED) lights coupled with solar (photovoltaic) PV panels offer the least cost solution for expansion of energy access. In grid-connected areas, compact and tube fluorescent lamps are recommended for existing household connections, as well as community and street lighting. The analysis also shows there are numerous barriers and potential problems with implementing an energy efficiency program in Afghanistan. Therefore a phased implementation program is suggested, with careful oversight of the quality of products entering the market.