Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a critical condition with high mortality, characterized by reduced cardiac output (CO) and tissue hypoperfusion, despite advancements in treatment. Traditional hemodynamic markers like CO measurements, monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO₂) and lactate levels have limitations, particularly in detecting microcirculatory dysfunction. The venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide tension difference (V-A PCO₂ gap, also known as P(V-A)CO