Sử dụng các chất có nguồn gốc thực vật tự nhiên để giảm thải bài tiết nitrogen và phát thải N2O từ động vật nhai lại=Use of natural plant-derived substances to reduce Nitrogen excretion and N2O emissions from ruminants

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Tác giả: Văn Quang Nguyễn

Ngôn ngữ: vie

Ký hiệu phân loại:

Thông tin xuất bản: Khoa học và Công nghệ Chăn nuôi, 2024

Mô tả vật lý: tr.2-23

Bộ sưu tập: Metadata

ID: 241925

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Động vật nhai lại đóng vai trò quan trọng trong hệ thống thực phẩm của chúng ta bằng cách chuyển đổi sinh khối thực vật mà con người không thể hoặc không chọn tiêu thụ thành thực phẩm chất lượng cao có thể ăn được. Tuy nhiên, chất thải của động vật nhai lại là nguồn nitơ oxit (N2O) đáng kể, một loại khí nhà kính mạnh có khả năng gây nóng lên toàn cầu trong thời gian dài gấp 298 lần so với carbon dioxide. Các loại hóa chất thực vật tự nhiên hoặc thức ăn chăn nuôi có chứa hóa chất thực vật đã cho thấy tiềm năng cải thiện hiệu quả sử dụng nitơ (N) và giảm lượng khí thải N2O từ chất thải của động vật nhai lại. Việc bổ sung tannin vào chế độ ăn có thể chuyển nhiều N bài tiết hơn vào phân, thay đổi thành phần N trong nước tiểu và do đó làm giảm lượng khí thải N2O từ chất thải. Tinh dầu hoặc saponin có thể ức chế sản xuất amoniac dạ cỏ và làm giảm lượng N bài tiết qua nước tiểu. Ở những đồng cỏ chăn thả, một lượng lớn glucosinolate hoặc aucubin có thể được đưa vào đất đồng cỏ khi động vật tiêu thụ thực vật giàu các hợp chất này và sau đó bài tiết chúng hoặc các chất chuyển hóa của chúng qua nước tiểu hoặc phân. Nếu các hợp chất ức chế được bài tiết qua nước tiểu, chúng sẽ được áp dụng trực tiếp vào mảng nước tiểu để giảm quá trình nitrat hóa và phát thải N2O sau đó. Vai trò của hóa chất thực vật trong sản xuất bền vững ở động vật nhai lại là không thể phủ nhận, nhưng vẫn còn nhiều điều không chắc chắn. Sự không nhất quán, tác dụng tạm thời và tác dụng phụ hạn chế hiệu quả của các hóa chất thực vật này trong việc giảm mất N. Trong bài viết này, chúng tôi sẽ xác định một số hóa chất thực vật hiện tại có trong thức ăn có khả năng điều chỉnh bài tiết N ở động vật nhai lại hoặc giảm sản xuất N2O và cân nhắc những thách thức và cơ hội liên quan đến việc sử dụng hóa chất thực vật hoặc thức ăn giàu hóa chất thực vật như các chiến lược chế độ ăn uống để giảm bài tiết N và phát thải N2O có nguồn gốc từ chất thải.Ruminants play a critical role in our food system by converting plant biomass that humans cannot or choose not to consume into edible high-quality food. However, ruminant excreta is a significant source of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas with a long-term global warming potential 298 times that of carbon dioxide. Natural phytochemicals or forages containing phytochemicals have shown the potential to improve the efficiency of nitrogen (N) utilization and decrease N2O emissions from the excreta of ruminants. Dietary inclusion of tannins can shift more of the excreted N to the feces, alter the urinary N composition and consequently reduce N2O emissions from excreta. Essential oils or saponins could inhibit rumen ammonia production and decrease urinary N excretion. In grazed pastures, large amounts of glucosinolates or aucubin can be introduced into pasture soils when animals consume plants rich in these compounds and then excrete them or their metabolites in the urine or feces. If inhibitory compounds are excreted in the urine, they would be directly applied to the urine patch to reduce nitrification and subsequent N2O emissions. The phytochemicals’ role in sustainable ruminant production is undeniable, but much uncertainty remains. Inconsistency, transient effects, and adverse effects limit the effectiveness of these phytochemicals for reducing N losses. In this review, we will identify some current phytochemicals found in feed that have the potential to manipulate ruminant N excretion or mitigate N2O production and deliberate the challenges and opportunities associated with using phytochemicals or forages rich in phytochemicals as dietary strategies for reducing N excretion and excretaderived N2O emissions.

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