PURPOSE: Scoliosis in neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS) is a spinal deformity often treated with posterior spinal fusions (PSF). There is a relatively high risk to develop surgical site infection (SSI) after PSF in NMS compared to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to determine perioperative risk factors for NMS patients undergoing PSF. METHODS: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) Pediatric database was queried for patients who underwent PSF for NMS and/or cerebral palsy from 2015 to 2020. Statistical analysis of patient characteristics was completed utilizing likelihood ratio chi-squared test for categorical factors and median test or Wilcoxon rank sum test for quantitative factors. Logistic regression was used for odds ratios for quantitative factors. RESULTS: 4145 patients underwent PSF for NMS, and 102 developed an SSI (2.5%). Identified risk factors include American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) ≥ 3 (p = 0.030, odds ratio 2.4), preoperative corticosteroids (p = 0.049, odds ratio 2.4), preoperative ostomy (p = 0.026, odds ratio 1.6), prolonged anesthetic time (p = 0.045, odds ratio 1.09 per 60 min), prolonged operative time (p = 0.043, odds ratio 1.1 per 60 min), and postoperative development of urinary tract infection (UTI) (p <
0.001, odds ratio 4.5). Patients with SSI had higher body mass index (p = 0.047, odds ratio 1.3 per 5 kg/m CONCLUSION: The prevalence of deep SSI was 2.5% in this cohort, and risk factors include ASA ≥ 3, preoperative ostomy, prolonged anesthetic or operative time, and postoperative UTI. Large multicenter database studies can help identify and stratify risk factors for SSI in this high-risk patient population.