PURPOSE: Emerging research in the field of microbiology has indicated that host-microbiota interactions play a significant role in regulating health and disease. Whereas the gut microbiome has received the most attention, distinct microbiota in other organs (mouth, larynx, and trachea) may undergo microbial shifts that impact disease states. A comprehensive understanding of microbial mechanisms and their role in communication and swallowing deficits may have downstream diagnostic and therapeutic implications. METHOD: A literature review was completed to provide a broad overview of the microbiome, including differentiation of commensal versus pathogenic bacteria
cellular mechanisms by which bacteria interact with human cells
site-specific microbial compositional shifts in certain organs
and available reports of oral, laryngeal, and tracheal microbial dysbiosis in conditions that are associated with communication and swallowing deficits. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: This review article is a valuable tutorial for clinicians, specifically introducing them to the concept of dysbiosis, with potential contributions to communication and swallowing deficits. Future research should delineate the role of specific pathogenic bacteria in disease pathogenesis to identify therapeutic targets.