Sugarcane bagasse is a large-volume agriculture residue that is generated on a ~540 million metric tons per year basis globally with the top-three producing countries in Latin America being Brazil (~181 million metric ton yr<
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), Mexico (15 million metric ton yr<
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), and Colombia (7 million metric ton yr<
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), respectively. Furthermore, given sustainability concerns and the need to maximize the utilization of bioresources, the use of sugarcane bagasse is receiving significant attention in biorefining applications, as it is a promising resource for the conversion to biofuels and biopower. Our review provides a comprehensive review of bagasse and its chemical constituents and on-going research into its utilization as a feedstock for cellulosic ethanol and electricity generation.