Utilization of CO<
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in beneficial products continues to be a focus of research efforts, driven by a few key factors including meeting pollution emissions regulations, and tapping into a vast and largely untouched carbon feedstock. Other product specific factors include enhancing product physical properties and performance, increasing hydrocarbon recovery, and reducing the severity of operating conditions. This report considers a variety of CO<
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conversion pathways, including projects being supported by the Department of Energy and National Energy Technology Laboratory, as well as external projects. The various pathways may be divided into a few major categories, such as hydrogenation, syngas, chemicals, polymerization, mineralization, and algae-based processes. Carbon dioxide is a very stable or low energy compound, and its conversion generally requires energy input. Many of the reaction pathways examined consider the use of hydrogen as the energy carrier, and the product pathways that a hydrogen reactant provides reflect large market commodities, such as methane, methanol, and other longer chain hydrocarbons or alcohols. However, the generation of hydrogen is often energetically costly.