In 2017, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) published a Clinical Practice Guideline Update for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Since then, new lines of evidence have been published related to evaluating disordered mineral metabolism and bone quality and turnover, identifying and inhibiting vascular calcification, targeting vitamin D levels, and regulating parathyroid hormone. For an in-depth consideration of the new insights, in October 2023, KDIGO held a Controversies Conference on CKD-MBD: Progress and Knowledge Gaps Toward Personalizing Care. Participants concluded that the recommendations in the 2017 CKD-MBD guideline remained largely consistent with the available evidence. However, the framework of the 2017 Guideline, with 3 major sections-biochemical abnormalities in mineral metabolism
bone disease
and vascular calcification-may no longer best reflect currently available evidence related to diagnosis and treatment. Instead, future guideline efforts could consider mineral homeostasis and deranged endocrine systems in adults within a context of 2 clinical syndromes: CKD-associated osteoporosis, encompassing increased fracture risk in patients with CKD
and CKD-associated cardiovascular disease, including vascular calcification and structural abnormalities, such as valvular calcification and left ventricular hypertrophy. Participants emphasized that the complexity of bone and cardiovascular manifestations of CKD-MBD necessitates personalized approaches to management.