Sử liệu Ottoman viết về Trung Quốc và quan hệ bang giao giữa nhà Minh với đế chế Ottoman qua ghi chép của Minh sử

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Thông tin xuất bản: Tạp chí Phát triển Khoa học & Công nghệ: Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn, 2019

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ID: 291626

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Bài viết này trước hết tìm hiểu nhận thức của người Thổ Ottoman về Trung Quốc, được phản ánh qua tác phẩm ``Hıtainame'' (Tập sách Trung Quốc) của Ali Ekber và ``Kitab-ı Tevarih-i Padişahanı Vilayet-i Hindu ve Hitây'' (Sách về lịch sử của những hoàng đế Ấn Độ và Trung Quốc) của Seyfî Çelebi. Đây là hai tác phẩm địa lý học lịch sử tiêu biểu được viết vào thế kỷ XVI, thể hiện sự quan tâm của người Thổ Ottoman đối với đất nước và con người Trung Quốc thời nhà Minh. Cả hai tác phẩm này đều có những ghi chép hết sức quý giá về địa hình, lịch sử, kinh tế, đời sống xã hội và các giá trị truyền thống của Trung Quốc. Trong đó, người Thổ Ottoman sử dụng các từ Kıtay (Hıtay) và Çin để nói về Trung Quốc. Kế tiếp, bài viết phân tích nhận thức của người Trung Quốc về Ottoman,giải thích nguồn gốc của tên gọi Lỗ Mê (Lumi). Sau đó, dựa theo ghi chép của các tài liệu thư tịch thời Minh, bài viết khái quát những sự kiện cơ bản trong quan hệ bang giao giữa nhà Minh với đế chế Ottoman vào thế kỷ XVI và XVII. Theo Minh sử, người Thổ Ottoman đã bảy lần gửi sứ bộ đến Trung Quốc vào các năm 1524, 1527, 1559, 1564, 1576, 1581 và 1618. Còn theo Minh thực lục và Đại Minh hội điển thì sứ bộ của người Thổ Ottoman đến Trung Quốc tổng cộng 19 lần. Đáng lưu ý, do Ottoman thường gửi tặng sư tử, tê giác cho triều đình nhà Minh nên quan hệ giữa hai nước thời kì này được gọi ví von là ``bang giao sư tử''.This paper firstly investigates the perception of the Ottoman Turks on China and Chinese which was reflected in ``Khitaynameh'' (Book of China) by Ali Ekber and ``Kitab-ı Tevarih-i Padişahan-ı Vilayet-iHindu ve Hitây'' (Book on the Histories of the Rulers of the India and China) by Seyfî Çelebi. These were two typical historical geographical works written in the 16th century, indicating the interest of the Ottoman Turks in the country and people of China during the Ming Dynasty. Both works contain valuable records of China's topography, history, economy, social life and traditional customs.The Ottoman Turks used the term Khitay (Hitay) and Chin to talk about China in these works. Next, the paper analyzes the Chinese perception on the Ottoman Turks and explicates the origin of name Lumi (Rumi State). Then, according to the official records of the Ming Dynasty, the paper describes the major events of the relations between the Ming Dynasty and the Ottoman Empire in the 16th-17th centuries. Based on the chronicles of Mingshi (History of the Ming Dynasty), the OttomanTurks sent their envoys seven times to China in 1524, 1527, 1559, 1564, 1576, 1581 and 1618. According to Ming shilu (Veritable Records of the Ming) and Da Ming hui dian (Collected Statues of the Great Ming), the Ottoman delegations paid visits to China for a total of 19 times. And one of the particular details recorded is that because the Ottoman Empire often sent the tributes of lions and rhinoceroses to the Ming court, the relations between the two countries during this period wereexpresed in a metaphorical way as ``lion diplomacy''.

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