When quantum mechanics was first proposed a century ago, nobody could have anticipated how deeply it would affect our lives. Today, we are connected and powered through devices whose existence is predicated on the basic principles of this strange physics. Not even the biological sciences have escaped its reach. As scientists query the deepest mysteries of the living world, the physical scales probed and the types of questions asked are increasingly blurring the lines between biology and physics. The hybrid field of biophysics represents the new frontier of the 21st century. The ribosome has been at the heart of three Nobel Prizes. Understanding its essential nature and how it interacts with other proteins and nucleic acids to control protein synthesis has been one of the central foundations in our understanding of the biology at the molecular level. With the advent of atomic scale structures, methods to visualize and separate individual molecules, and the computational power to model the complex interactions of over a million atoms at once, our understanding of how gene expression is controlled at the level of protein translation is now deeply ensconced in the biophysical realm. This book provides a premier resource to a wide audience, whether it be the general reader seeking a broad view of the field, a clinician interested in the role of protein translation in human disease, the bench researcher looking for state-of-the-art technologies, or computational scientists involved in cutting edge molecular modeling.