This paper identifies key challenges in health care and long-term care as populations age and provides examples of how countries are responding to them. The paper focuses on developing countries that are aging fast, where anticipation and action are especially important. The paper highlights the need for a holistic strategy that focuses on strengthening health care and long-term care systems and achieving universal care coverage, moving from a disease-centered approach to a person-centered one. But such a strategy should not focus exclusively on the older population. To solve the challenges brought by population aging, younger populations should not be forgotten. How people age is, to a large extent, determined by their health earlier in life and the choices they made when young. The range of policies should therefore promote healthy lifestyles, like physical activity and healthy eating, throughout the entire life course. A healthy aging agenda contributes to containing the costs associated with aging populations.