Cross border value chains are increasingly seen as critical for export growth, providing the conduit for more than half of developing countries exports in value-added terms. However, Africa's contribution to cross border value chains remains low, at 1.5 percent. And African countries' limited participation in value chains is in the lower-value, lower end stages of production. Reasons for this limited integration include infrastructure, thick borders, geographical remoteness, size, fragmentation, and the limited financial capacities and service industries of African countries.