In the Indian federal structure, rural sanitation is a state government responsibility. However, since this sector has been identified as a development priority, the Government of India provides the bulk of investment through a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS). The Central Rural Sanitation Program was launched as the first CSS in 1986. This program has subsequently been restructured as the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) in 1999, Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) in 2012 and, most recently, as the Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin (SBMG) or Clean India Mission-Rural in December 2014. This learning note presents findings of an sanitation assessment in India.