This note identifies major challenges facing the Ukrainian education system and suggests policy options for addressing them. It is intended to contribute to the ongoing policy dialogue between the Ukrainian Government and the World Bank about the key issues identified in government education policy development and implementation planning to date, and to offer the Bank's views on these issues for the Government to consider as it elaborates its reform program. The note's structure broadly follows that of the government's policy document. Section two outlines the political, economic, and social environment. Section three identifies some of Ukraine's strengths and comparative advantages in education, on which future reform policy can build. Section four discusses cross-cutting issues and challenges, including equity, relevance, efficiency, and accountability. In section five, the note provides recommendations for reform priorities and some policy options for realizing them. Section six identifies potential risks and threats that could hinder the reform process and suggests way to mitigate them. Annex one offer a brief overview of the education system, including quantitative trends and some international comparisons. Annex two provides a set of economic, demographic, and educational data.