TÌM HIỂU VỀ CÂY TRỒNG CHUYỂN GENE

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Tác giả: Minh Tâm Trần

Ngôn ngữ: vie

Ký hiệu phân loại:

Thông tin xuất bản: Tạp chí Khoa học - Đại học Văn Lang, 2022

Mô tả vật lý: tr.34

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Hiện nay, trong lĩnh vực tạo giống cây trồng, có một khuynh hướng mới là dùng kỹ thuật chuyển gene. Quá trình chọn tạo giống theo cách thông thường đòi hỏi thời gian lâu, tốn kém và việc tính trạng tạo ra không bền vững lại khá phổ biến, nhất là đối với các tính trạng do nhiều gene quy định như chịu hạn hay năng suất. Đây là điều các nhà sản xuất giống cây trồng không mong muốn. Nguyên nhân, do trên nhiễm sắc thể, đôi khi gene có lợi (ví dụ: gene kháng bệnh) ở gần gene có hại (ví dụ: gene năng suất thấp, hạt nhỏ). Khi cho giao phối giữa hai cá thể theo phương thức tự nhiên, đòi hỏi nhà chọn giống phải lai liên tục nhiều thế hệ (7-9 thế hệ), hoặc phải tạo một quần thể rất lớn (hàng chục nghìn cá thể) mới có thể loại bỏ hoàn toàn gene xấu và giữ lại gene tốt. Kỹ thuật di truyền cho phép chuyển chỉ một hoặc vài gene có ích vào gene của một sinh vật khác trong vòng một thế hệ, rút ngắn thời gian, tạo ra hiệu quả tức thời. Tính trạng do lai tạo tự nhiên thường không ổn định, đôi khi không thể thực hiện lai tạo bằng con đường tự nhiên (các gene quy định một tính trạng nhưng ở quá gần nhau trên cùng một nhiễm sắc thể nên khó xảy ra tái tổ hợp). Đây là kỹ thuật thuộc lĩnh vực sinh học phân tử. Bài viết giúp chúng ta hiểu rõ thêm về kỹ thuật mới này đang được ứng dụng khá phổ biến hiện nay trong ngành nông nghiệp công nghệ caoIn the field of plant breeding, there is a new trend in the use of genetic engineering. Conventional breeding is time-consuming and expensive, and unsustainable traits are common, especially for traits that are regulated by multiple genes such as drought tolerance or yield. This is not what plant breeders want. This is because on the chromosomes, sometimes beneficial genes (eg, disease resistance) are close to harmful genes (eg low yield genes, small seeds). When mating between two individuals according to the natural method, the breeder must continuously cross several generations (7-9 generations), or create a very large population (tens of thousands of individuals) to have It is possible to completely eliminate the bad genes and keep the good genes. Whereas genetic engineering allows the transfer of only one or a few useful genes into the genes of another organism within a generation. Thus shortening time and creating immediate effect. Traits resulting from natural hybridization are often unstable and sometimes natural hybridization is not possible (genes for a trait but are too close together on the same chromosome to cause recombination) case). This is a technique in the field of molecular biology. The article helps us understand more about this new technique that is being applied quite commonly in high-tech agriculture

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