Lightweight, high-efficiency electromagnetic wave absorbers are being investigated as a desirable solution to electromagnetic emissions. MoS2 nanostructure materials, which belong to the metal transition metal dichalcogenide materials group, have many advantages, including lower density, greater chemical stability, and special electronics transportation properties, and can be used as practical absorbers. In this study, one-step hydrothermal treatment was used to successfully prepare MoS2 nanostructure materials. The obtained material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The microwave absorption properties of the MoS2 materials were significantly influenced by their nanostructure. The best reflection loss was -55 dB at 9.6 GHz for a sample that was 2.7 mm thick and contained 25% wt%. The effective absorption bandwidth up to 7.1 GHz was successfully achieved with the thickness of only 1.5 mm. Considering the above advantages, MoS2 can be used as a prospectively efficient microwave absorbent.