The paper analyses the subject of Vietnamese citizens protection abroad and the demands for such protection, as well as the legal basis for this protection from three components: international law, Vietnam’s law, and the host country law. These components will be critically discussed on their roles and natures of regulating the protection for Vietnamese citizens abroad. International law defines the right to conduct this protection in the context of the relationship between Vietnam and the host country. Vietnam’s law indicates the obligations of the State of Vietnam in protecting its citizens in the relationship between them. The law of the host country (i.e. in the context of this paper it is the country hosting Vietnamese citizens) establishes legal guarantees to exercise the legitimate rights and interests of Vietnamese citizens abroad.