Nghiên cứu tiềm năng của một số chiết xuất thực vật trong phòng trị vi khuẩn đa kháng kháng sinh gây bệnh trên cá rô đồng (Anabas testudineus)

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Tác giả: Cường Trần Kiên, Phạm Thị Hải Hà, Nguyễn Thành Luân

Ngôn ngữ: vie

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Thông tin xuất bản: Tạp chí khoa học Đại học Mở Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh - Kỹ thuật và Công nghệ, 2023

Mô tả vật lý: tr.74-88

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Giới thiệu: Thức ăn chăn nuôi thương mại hiện tại mới chỉ đáp ứng được nhu cầu dinh dưỡng cần thiết mà chưa có khả năng hỗ trợ tăng sức đề kháng cho cá. Bên cạnh đó việc sử dụng kháng sinh không đúng liều lượng ảnh hưởng xấu tới môi trường cũng như sức khỏe con người. Giải pháp an toàn hướng tới là sử dụng nguồn dược liệu phong phú sẵn có tại Việt Nam phối trộn vào thức ăn chăn nuôi cá nhằm cải tiến chất lượng và nhắm tới mục tiêu an toàn. Vật liệu và phương pháp: Chiết xuất EtOH lá cây Điều (Anacardium occidentale L) TD1, Ngũ trảo (Vitex negundo) TD2, Bình linh xoan (Vitex rotundifolia) TD3, Ráng (Acrostichum aureum L) TD4, và Vằng Sẻ (Jasminum subtriplinerve blume) TD5 thu thập tại tỉnh Vĩnh Long, Việt Nam dựa trên đánh giá kháng khuẩn in vitro bằng phương pháp khuếch tán đĩa thạch và MIC, đánh giá in vivo thử nghiệm độc lực bằng gây nhiễm nhân tạo vi khuẩn Kosakonia sacchari trên mô hình cá Rô đồng Anabas testudineus thử nghiệm và khảo sát hoạt tính của chiết xuất thực vật khi phối trộn vào thức ăn. Kết quả: Hiệu quả kháng khuẩn in vitro cho thấy chiết xuất EtOH lá Điều TD1 kháng khuẩn tốt nhất ở nồng độ 12.5 µg/ml. Thử nghiệm đánh giá mức độ độc lực của vi khuẩn K. sacchari gây chết 87.6% cá sau 24 giờ tiêm ở mức 105 CFU/ml, ngưỡng gây chết tối thiểu LD50 đạt giá trị 3.16 × 104 CFU/ml. Trong đánh giá hoạt tính tiềm năng của chiết xuất thực vật TD1 khi phối trộn vào thức ăn có tác dụng bảo vệ cá khỏi tác nhân gây chết nhân tạo là khuẩn K. sacchari (tỉ lệ sống đạt 93%), và còn hỗ trợ làm tăng mức tăng trọng của cá lên tới 22.8g. Kết luận: Chiết xuất EtOH lá Điều A. occidentale TD1 kháng khuẩn cao nhất và có khả năng bảo vệ cá khỏi vi khuẩn K. sacchari đa kháng với kháng sinh gây bệnh trên đối tượng cá Rô đồng A. testudineus. Một số nhận định ban đầu về giá trị dược liệu của một số loại cây sẵn có tại Việt Nam dần thay thế kháng sinh, nhắm tới mục tiêu an toàn trong nuôi trồng, sản xuất thực phẩm và người tiêu dùng. Từ đó, đề tải mở rộng triển khai vào quy mô pilot hoặc thử nghiệm trên ao nuôi lớn hơn, hướng tới sản xuất thương mại.Introduction: Industrial feed in fish farming merely covers nutritional demands and does not stimulate improved immunity in fish. Additionally, antibiotic misuse is hazardous to both the environment and human health. Therefore, for quality and safety, the most secure approach is to employ the huge supply of Vietnamese medicinal plants in fish farm food supplements. Materials and methods: EtOH extract of the leaves of A. occidentale TD1, V. negundo TD2, V. rotundifolia TD3, A. aureum L TD4, J. subtriplinerve Blume TD5 collected in Vinh Long province, Vietnam based on in vitro antibacterial assessment by agar plate diffusion method and MIC, in vivo evaluation of virulence test by artificial infection with Kosakonia sacchari bacteria on the experimental fish model Anabas testudineus and investigate the activity of plant extracts when mixed into the feed. Result: Antibacterial test by agar plate diffusion method showed that TD1 extract gave the best antibacterial result along with a concentration of 12.5 µg/ml. In the experiment to evaluate the virulence of the isolated K. sacchari strain, the result was that the strain was lethal to 87.6% of fish after 24 hours of injection at 105 CFU/ml, and the minimum lethality threshold LD50 was recorded in strains of 3.16 × 104 CFU/ml. The results were obtained in the experiment to evaluate the activity of plant extracts when mixed into feed. Feed containing TD1 protected fish from the artificial lethal agent K. sacchari (survival rate reaches 93%) and also helped to increase the weight gain of fish up to 22.8g. Conclusion: EtOH leaf extract of A. occidentale TD1 exhibits the strongest antibacterial activity and can protect perch A. testudineus against multi-antibiotic-resistant strains of K. sacchari. There is an initial assessment of the potential of Vietnamese medicinal plants to gradually replace antibiotics, aiming for safety in farming, food production, and consumption. Following that, the idea might be carried out on a bigger scale as pilot models or fish farms to become a new source of commercial animal fodder.

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