Critical thinking is one of the most important competencies of high-quality human resources. Enhancing this competency must be the vital objective of Vietnam's education. However, in reality, the critical thinking competence of high school students is still low, and the development of this capacity for them has not been paid attention to in teaching Literature. Haiku poetry, which is a traditional genre of Japanese poetry, has great potential in developing critical thinking competence thanks to its characteristics. Thus, it is appropriate, and necessary to associate teaching Haiku poetry with enhancing critical thinking for students. In this article, we propose several measures to enhance critical thinking competence for students through teaching Haiku poetry.