Tướng Pennequin và Đề án Quân đội Da vàng (1911-1915).

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Tác giả: Le Van Ho (Hoàng Ứng Huyền Mireille, Bá Dũng dịch và bổ chú) Nguyễn

Ngôn ngữ: Vie

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Thông tin xuất bản: Tạp chí Nghiên cứu và Phát triển 2020

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Trước sức ép phải đáp ứng nhu cầu về công nhân và binh lính, năm 1916 nước Pháp đã phải xem xét lại đề án Quân đội Da vàng được đề xuất năm 1912 bởi tướng Pennequin - người đem lại hòa bình ở Bắc Kỳ, và sử dụng nó như là một cơ sở lý thuyết cho việc tuyển mộ mà mục đích từ nay trở đi khác xa những quan niệm của tướng Pennequin. Ngay từ năm 1911 Pennequin, từ nhận thức về sự tiến triển của xã hội Việt Nam bị biến đổi bởi thực dân hóa và sự xuất hiện của một tầng lớp trung lưu với những khát vọng canh tân, đã đặt ra sự lựa chọn phi thực dân hóa (giải phóng thuộc địa) thông qua đề án thành lập một đội quân quốc gia, một kết cấu vững chắc hiện đại duy nhất của các nước thuộc địa, là trụ cột chính của nền độc lập và xây dựng đất nước. Là dấu hiệu báo trước của chủ nghĩa đế quốc hiện đại buộc nước Pháp phải có sự thay đổi căn bản trong chính sách thuộc địa của mình, đề án vấp phải sự phản đối nói chung và đã nhanh chóng bị bác bỏ mà không có bất kỳ cải cách nào được thực hiện trong các phương thức tuyển mộ và biên chế của quân đội bản xứ. Sự bác bỏ đề án của Pennequin nói chung đã bác bỏ khuynh hướng của một chính sách thuộc địa tự do mà Napoleon III là người khởi xướng với ý tưởng của ông ta về một Vương quốc Ả Rập.Việc tuyển mộ tại Đông Dương, được đề xuất như một nguồn dự trữ nhân công, đã được quyết định đồng thời với Nghị định ngày 9/10/1915 về việc tuyển mộ lính của Tây Phi thuộc Pháp, được bênh vực bởi sự tranh thủ của Mangin với Ủy ban Quốc phòng, họ lợi dụng để loại trừ hẳn những đề xuất của Pennequin.Nhưng cùng lúc đó, nhà lãnh tụ theo chủ nghĩa quốc gia Phan Châu Trinh bày tỏ lập trường hòa hoãn, bởi vì ông nhìn thấy trong việc tuyển mộ một cơ hội cho những người ưu tú tiên tiến của Đông Dương "đi sang Pháp" và tạo dựng cột mốc đầu tiên trong chương trình hiện đại hóa của ông, một điều kiện đi trước sự độc lập của đất nước, trong khi người Pháp lại có quan điểm ngược lại đối với sự hy sinh của người Việt Nam tham gia chiến tranh. Nhận thức được sự thiếu hiệu quả của các cuộc nổi dậy của các nhà nho, các phong trào "phản kháng", Phan Châu Trinh thực sự có một sự lựa chọn khác ở một đất nước mà hơn 90% dân số vẫn còn là nông dân, không biết đến xã hội công nghiệp?Về mặt chính trị việc tuyển mộ lính đưa sang mẫu quốc đã dẫn đến việc loại bỏ những nhà cải cách và cải lương cho Đông Dương: Pennequin và Phan Châu Trinh. Hai sự loại bỏ thực sự là "cơ hội bị bỏ lỡ" cho một quá trình phi thực dân hóa không có xung đột., Tóm tắt tiếng anh, In 1916, to meet its need of workers and soldiers, the French government was to reconsider the "Armée jaune" plan formed in 1912 by general Pennequin, the peace-maker in Tonkin. As far as back as 1911, general Pennequin was aware the Vietnamese society was changing under the influence of the colonization process and the burgeoning of a modem will middle-class. He then proposed the decolonization option which included the constitution of a national Vietnamese army, the only modem structure in the colonized countries and hence foundation of independence and national building. The plan was premonitory of the contemporary imperialisms and compelled the French government to completely change its colonial policy. So it provoked a general hostility and was quickly abandoned without any reform was introduced in recruitment and officering of the native army. In 1915, the plan turned to be used as a justification for recruitments and therefore had little to do with the general's original concepts. Such a rejection even prevented any liberal colonial policy developing. Recruitment in Indochina, considered as a country where France could take on hands, was decided immediately after the order-in-Council of recruiting in Africa (1915, 9th October): the order was defended by general Mangin's followers and the Army Committee definitely rejected Pennequin's proposals. However, in the same time, the great nationalist leader Phan-Châu-Trinh bounded to do a truce: he thought modem elites had to seize the opportunity of the recruitment to go to France. These elites should be the prime mover in Vietnam modernization, required as a preliminary of the national independence. In the end of the war, the French government would concede the independence in exchange for Vietnameses' voluntary enlistment.As a matter of fact, the first world war politically should lead to exclude the reformers in Indochina, Pennequin and Phan-Châu-Trinh, and to prevent any possibility to peacefully decolonize.

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