Cấu tạo từ của hệ thống số đếm trong các ngôn ngữ (những bài toán trong các con số)

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Tác giả: Thị Châu Hoàng

Ngôn ngữ: Vie

Ký hiệu phân loại: 400 Language

Thông tin xuất bản: VNU Journal of Science: Policy and Management Studies, 2020

Mô tả vật lý: 45304

Bộ sưu tập: Metadata

ID: 416011

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Hệ thống số đếm được xem xét trong bài này như một hệ thống tín hiệu nhỏ rất điển hình của hệ thống tín hiệu lớn trên nó là ngôn ngữ. Tính hai mặt của tín hiệu thể hiện rất rõ hầu hết các con số đều có hai nghĩa nghĩa cấu tạo từ và nghĩa từ vựng. Dưới tầng sâu của các bài toán cộng, nhân là tư duy toán học và ngôn ngữ của các dân tộc. Tư duy toán học của người Việt thể hiện ra ở "mười", "mươi", "một chục" dựa trên cơ sở hệ thập phân (decimal numeration), của người Pháp là hệ nhị thập phân (80=4x20) (vigesimal numeration) và của các dân tộc Đài Loan là đếm trên bàn tay. Tính hệ thống và đặc trưng dân tộc cũng thể hiện rất rõ, cho dù là hệ thống số đếm được vay mượn từ một ngôn ngữ khác. Tư liệu nghiên cứu được hạn chế trong các ngôn ngữ dân tộc thiểu số (DTTS) ở Việt Nam và trong hai ngữ tộc lớn ở Đông Nam Á là ngữ tộc Nam Á (Austroasiatic) và ngữ tộc Nam Đảo (Austronesian) đúng hơn là Austro - Tai, có liên quan mật thiết đến tiếng Việt. Khi cần, chúng tôi còn sử dụng đến các ngôn ngữ bên ngoài biên giới Việt Nam. Để nhận rõ các đặc điểm cấu tạo số từ của các ngôn ngữ đơn lập, phân tích tính ở Việt Nam và Đông Nam Á, chúng tôi sẽ so sánh đối chiếu với hệ thống số đếm của các ngôn ngữ Ấn - Âu, điển hình của loại hình ngôn ngữ tổng hợp tính và khá quen thuộc với chúng ta như tiếng Pháp, tiếng Anh, tiếng Đức và rút ra kết luận. Điều cuối cùng mà bài viết này hướng đến là qua việc so sánh các hệ thống số đếm trong các ngôn ngữ hiện đại trong một không gian rộng, người đọc có thể hình dung được các bước tiến hoá của chúng trong thời gian từ chục nghìn năm trước đây đến một nghìn năm gần đây và mối quan hệ về nguồn gốc xa xưa của các ngôn ngữ., Tóm tắt tiếng anh, The number system is investigated in this study as a small yet typical semiotic system of a larger one, i.e. language. The double-faceted nature of signs is self-evident most numbers have two senses, one being morphological and the other being lexical. Underlying the different additions and multiplications in numbers is peoples' mathematical and linguistic thought. While the Vietnamese reveal their mathematical thought in "mười", "mươi", "một chục" (ten) on the basis of decimal numeration, the French are opted for vigesimal numeration (80=4x20 - quatre vingt), and the Taiwanese merely rely on their hands and fingers. The systematicity and national peculiarities are also visible, even though numbers may have been borrowed from other languages. In this paper, we use data from ethnic languages in Vietnam, Austroasiatic and Austronesian languages, or, to be accurate, Austro-Tai languages which are closely related to Vietnamese. Some languages beyond Vietnam's borders are also referred to when necessary. We compare and contrast the number systems in isolating, analytic languages in Vietnam and Southeast Asia with those in Indo- European languages, including such typical inflectional, synthetic languages as French, English and German before drawing general conclusions. Finally, the paper offers an overview of the evolution of number systems across languages spanning from about 10,000 years ago to the last millennium, as well as ancestral relations among languages.

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