Grain and oilseed milling industries are significant sources of VOCs, leading to substantial human health risks and odor pollution. However, the VOC emission remain inadequately characterized, hindering the development of effective pollution mitigation strategies. VOC samples were collected discharged from the rapeseed oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, and wheat flour manufacturing workshops in the Pearl River Delta, China. The VOC concentrations and emission profiles were evaluated, and VOC concentrations in a nearby residential area were simulated using the CALPUFF dispersion model for health risk and odor assessments. The results revealed substantial variations in both VOC concentrations (0.4-8.3 mg m