This study compares the nutritional profiles of Yuzhong and European meat pigeons to inform breeding and consumer choices. Thirty 28-day-old pigeons were analyzed for protein, fat, moisture, amino acids, fatty acids, and trace elements in breast muscle samples. No significant differences were found in protein, fat, moisture, or essential amino acid levels between breeds. However, Yuzhong pigeons showed higher levels of umami amino acids, monounsaturated fatty acids (particularly oleic acid), and trace elements (copper, iron, zinc, selenium). In contrast, European meat pigeons were richer in polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and DHA. These results highlight nutritional distinctions between the breeds, providing guidance for breeding programs and offering insights for consumers seeking specific dietary attributes in poultry meat.