Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from biological cells and contain many molecules with diagnostic values or therapeutic functions. There has been great interest in academic and industrial communities to utilize EVs as tools for diagnosis or therapeutics. In addition, EVs can also serve as delivery vehicles for therapeutic molecules. An indicator of the enormous interest in EVs is the large number of review articles published on EVs, with the focus ranging from their biology to their applications. An emerging trend in EV research is to produce and utilize "engineered EVs", which are essentially the enhanced version of EVs. EV engineering can be conducted by cell culture condition control, genetic engineering, or chemical engineering. Given their nanometer-scale sizes and therapeutic potentials, engineered EVs are an emerging class of nanomedicines. So far, an overwhelming majority of the research on engineered EVs is preclinical studies
there are only a very small number of reported clinical trials. This Review focuses on engineered EVs, with a more specific focus being their applications in therapeutics. The various approaches to producing engineered EVs and their applications in various diseases are reviewed. Furthermore,