Bụi PM2.5 ở Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh: Phân tích hiện trạng và quy luật biến đổi theo thời gian dựa trên số liệu đo liên tục 2013-2017=Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Ho Chi Minh City: Analysis of the status and the temporal variation based on the continuous data from 2013-2017

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Tác giả: Hữu Huy Dương, Đoàn Thiện Chí Nguyễn, Lý Sỹ Phú Nguyễn, Thị Hiền Tô

Ngôn ngữ: vie

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Thông tin xuất bản: Tạp chí Phát triển Khoa học & Công nghệ: Chuyên san Khoa học Tự nhiên, 2018

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Bộ sưu tập: Metadata

ID: 473975

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Đánh giá được mức độ nguy hại của ô nhiễm bụi PM2.5 lên sức khỏe con người và môi trường sinh thái, kể từ năm 2013, Bộ Tài nguyên và Môi trường đã thêm chỉ số này vào Quy chuẩn kỹ thuật quốc gia về chất lượng không khí xung quanh QCVN 052013/BTNMT. Tuy nhiên các báo cáo về hiện trạng và quy luật biến đổi theo thời gian của chỉ số này dựa trên số liệu đo liên tục trong khoảng thời gian dài ở Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (Tp.HCM) còn rất hạn chế. Vì vậy mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này là phân tích hiện trạng và quy luật biến đổi theo thời gian của bụi PM2.5 ở trung tâm Tp.HCM từ năm 2013 đến 2017. Dựa trên số liệu đo liên tục ở trạm quan trắc không khí tại Trường Đại học Khoa học Tự nhiên, kết quả của nghiên cứu này cho thấy hàm lượng bụi trung bình trong khoảng thời gian này là 28,0 ± 18,1 µg/m³. Hàm lượng bụi trung bình qua các năm ở Tp.HCM đều vượt quá Quy chuẩn Việt Nam (QCVN 052013) và Tổ chức y tế thế giới WHO. Phân tích quy luật biến đổi theo thời gian trong ngày cho thấy hàm lượng bụi cao nhất xảy ra ngay sau giờ cao điểm buổi sáng và thấp nhất vào giữa đêm. Giữa các tháng trong năm cũng cho thấy sự biến đổi rõ rệt, hàm lượng bụi cao vào các tháng mùa khô và thấp vào các tháng mùa mưa. Kết quả này cho thấy vai trò quan trọng của các cơn mưa trong việc làm giảm ô nhiễm bụi. Cuối cùng, dựa trên phân tích đường đi của các khối khí kết thúc tại vị trí trạm quan trắc, nghiên cứu này cho thấy các khối khí từ hướng Bắc và Đông Bắc bắt nguồn từ Trung Quốc và đi qua các tỉnh có hoạt động công nghiệp mạnh như Bình Dương và Đồng Nai có hàm lượng bụi cao.Since 2013, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment published the revision of the “National Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality” (QCVN 052013/BTNMT), in which the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was added to the QCVN. However, the status and the temporal variation of PM2.5 in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) have not been reported so far, especially based on the continuous and high time resolution measurements. The aim of this study was to analyze the status and the temporal variation of PM2.5 collected at the center of HCMC. Based on the composited PM2.5 data from the air monitoring station located at the University of Science, the average PM2.5 concentration was 28.0 ± 18.1 µg/m³ during 2013– 2017. The annual PM2.5 concentration in HCMC exceeded the acceptable limits of QCVN and WHO, highlighting a high human health risk. The PM2.5 concentrations showed the pronounced diurnal variation with the highest observed after the morning rush hour and the lowest during the midnight. In addition, a remarkable seasonal variation was observed with the highest and lowest PM2.5 occurring in dry and rainy seasons, respectively. This result highlighted the vital role of the rainfall events in reducing the PM2.5 level. Finally, from the analysis of the backward trajectories ending at the air monitoring station, we found that the air mass from the North and Northeast originating from China then passing through the areas (i.e. Binh Duong and Dong Nai provinces) with heavy industrial activities possessed a high PM2.5 level.

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