Building a system of multiple-choice exercises to assess the natural science cognitive capacity of 5th-grade students helps measure the level of knowledge acquisition, development of scientific thinking and ability to apply to the pupil's reality. This process ensures objectivity, accuracy, and efficiency. First of all, educational goals are determined based on the 2018 General Education Program, in accordance with the cognitive characteristics of students. Content is carefully selected, ensuring logic and program suitability. The exercise system is diverse, including multiple-choice, essay, and practice, assessing from memorization to application. After that, the tests are tested in practice to collect feedback, thereby adjusting and perfecting the system. Thereby, the test evaluates students' scientific cognitive capacity.