The Mekong Delta has seven coastal provinces, including Tien Giang, Ben Tre, Tra Vinh, Soc Trang, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau and Kien Giang. Typically, Ca Mau province has a coastline of 254 km along both the East and West sea. In the recent years, the province has been severely influenced by climate change. Nearly 10,000 ha of land and coastal forests, infrastructure and properties of local people have been eroded and seriously damaged. Production activities are vulnerable to sea level rise and other hydro-meteorological hazards. The life of coastal communities mainly depends on agricultural production. Main incomes are from rice, forestry, aquaculture, and fishing. This paper demonstrates a situational analysis on how climate change and natural disasters affect the livelihoods of the coastal communities in Ca Mau province and a case study is conducted for Phu Tan district. Study results are considered valuable inputs to propose urgent measures for sustainable socio-economic development in the province, adapting to climate change in the future.