Xác định mức độ phát thải của một số chất ô nhiễm không khí từ quá trình đốt rơm rạ trên đồng ruộng tại Gia Lâm, Hà Nội

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Tác giả: Thị Mai Đỗ, Trung Dũng Nghiêm, Châu Thùy Phạm

Ngôn ngữ: vie

Ký hiệu phân loại: 614.71 Forensic medicine; incidence of injuries, wounds, disease; public preventive medicine

Thông tin xuất bản: Khoa học nông nghiệp Việt Nam, 2018

Mô tả vật lý: 152-160

Bộ sưu tập: Metadata

ID: 492296

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Chủ đề

Nghiên cứu này thực hiện đo đạc nồng độ phát thải một số chất ô nhiễm từ quá trình đốt rơm rạ sau thu hoạch trên đồng ruộng nhằm xác định mức độ đóng góp của các chất ô nhiễm từ quá trình đốt rơm rạ vào môi trường không khí. Nghiên cứu được tiến hành đo đạc tại 6 cánh đồng lúa khác nhau trên địa bàn huyện Gia Lâm, Hà Nội. Bụi PM2.5, PM10 xác định bằng thiết bị lấy mẫu bụi lưu lượng nhỏ, khí CO được bơm vào túi lấy mẫu và phân tích theo phương pháp trắc quang, CO2 xác định bằng máy đo khí Lutron GCH- 2018 sử dụng cảm biến. Kết quả cho thấy hiệu suất cháy của các thí nghiệm hầu hết đều >
0,9, có nghĩa là tất cả các quá trình cháy chủ yếu đều là cháy ngọn lửa. Nồng độ CO và CO2 trong khói thải đốt rơm dao động trong khoảng 10,21 ÷ 56,03 mg/m3 và 734,5 ÷ 1221,2 mg/m3, tương tự như các nghiên cứu khác ở cùng chế độ cháy, trong khi đó nồng độ bụi PM2.5, PM10 dao động từ 0,71 ÷ 29,07 mg/m3 và 3,22 ÷ 37,31 mg/m3, cao hơn so với kết quả nghiên cứu đốt rơm ở Thái Lan và tương tự so với kết quả đốt rơm ở Trung Quốc. Nồng độ này cao hơn rất nhiều so với mẫu nền, vượt QCVN 05:2013 và WHO nhiều lần, gây ô nhiễm môi trường không khí và có khả năng ảnh hưởng tới sức khoẻ của người dân sống xung quanh khu vực. Kết quả nghiên cứu cung cấp cơ sở dữ liệu làm tiền đề cho các nghiên cứu tiếp theo, nhằm xây dựng hệ số phát thải từ hoạt động đốt rơm và kiểm kê chính xác hơn lượng phát thải khí từ hoạt động đốt rơm trong sản xuất nông nghiệp tại Việt Nam.This study was conducted to determine selected air pollutant emissions from open field burning of rice straw. The experiments were conducted at six different paddy fields in Gia Lam district, Hanoi. The particulate matter, PM2.5 and PM10, were collected by mini-volume samplers (5L min-1) and CO was sucked into bags and analyzed by UV-VIS spectrophotometer. CO2 was determined continuously by Lutron GCH- 2018 gas sensor. Meteorological conditions were measured by handheld device. The results showed that the combustion efficiency were larger than 0.9, meaning that all major combustion processes were flame ignited. The concentrations of CO and CO2 from rice straw burning varied between 10.21 ÷ 56.03 mg/m3 and 734.5 ÷ 1221.2 mg/m3, respectively, similar to other studies in the same burning mode. PM2.5, PM10 concentrations ranged from 0.71 to 29.07 mg/m3 and 3.22 to 37.31 mg/m3, respectively, higher than the results of rice straw burning studies in Thailand and similar to the results in China. This emission level was much higher than the background level and much larger than the level justified in QCVN 05:2013 and WHO, causing air pollution and this may affect health of people living around the burning area. The results of the study provide an useful information for further research to determine the emission factors from rice straw burning and more accurate calculation on the amount of emissions from rice straw burning in agricultural production in Vietnam.

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