Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is a highly contagious and latent virus that induces various diseases in the respiratory and reproductive systems. It is widespread in numerous countries, including China, and has a high positive detection rate, causing significant economic losses to global cattle industry. Timely and precise diagnosis is essential for effective preventative and control strategies. This study constructed a rabbit phage single chain fragment variable (scFv) display library with 7.14 × 10