We reviewed two microstructural models, cellular solid models and prestressed affine network models, that have been used previously in studies of elastic behavior of soft biological materials. These models provide simple and mathematically transparent equations that can be used to interpret experimental data and to obtain quantitative predictions of the elastic properties of biological structures. In both models, volumetric density and elastic properties of the microstructure are key determinants of the macroscopic elastic properties. In the prestressed network model, geometrical rearrangement of the microstructure (kinematic stiffness) is also important. As examples of application of these models, we considered the shear behavior of the cytoskeleton of adherent cells, of the collagen network of articular cartilage, and of the lung parenchymal network since their ability to resist shear is important for their normal biological and physiological functions. All three networks carry a pre-existing stress (prestress). We predicted their shear moduli using the microstructural models and compared those predictions with existing experimental data. Prestressed network models of the cytoskeleton and of the lung parenchyma provided a better correspondence to experimental data than cellular solid models. Both cellular solid and prestressed network models of the cartilage collagen network provided reasonable agreements with experimental values. These findings suggested that the kinematic stiffness and material stiffness of microstructural elements were both important determinants of the shear modulus of the cytoskeleton and of the lung parenchyma, whereas elasticity of collagen fibrils had a predominant role in the cartilage shear behavior.