BACKGROUND: There is a lack of evidence regarding the effect of combining arm and leg training on arm exercise capacity, upper extremity functionality and safety in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of combined arm-leg endurance training (ET METHODS: In this prospective randomized controlled study, 24 caucasian patients with an ICD (NYHA class II-III, mean age: 59.38±11.54 years, 20 male, 4 female) underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and arm ergometry. The ET RESULTS: Significant increases in time to reach VO CONCLUSIONS: ET