Cigarette smoke contains many harmful components that can damage the blood-testis barrier, cause changes in testicular tissue structure, and directly or indirectly affect sperm production. Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) is an underground tuber of a perennial herbaceous plant, and its extract has been shown to have antioxidant properties and the potential to improve male reproductive function. In view of the above, this experiment was designed to investigate the fatty acid composition of tiger nut oil and its protective effect as a daily dietary supplement against cigarette smoke-induced reproductive damage in male rats. By establishing a rat reproductive toxicity model and administering different doses of tiger nut oil by gavage, the protective effect of tiger nut oil on reproductive damage in rats was evaluated. Daily status and signs of the rats were analyzed, serum levels of key hormones were measured, oxidative stress markers and testicular tissue sections were measured, and the results were statistically analysed using Principal Component Analysis. The experimental results indicate that daily consumption of tiger nut oil can improve the reproductive system function in male rats, stabilise related hormone levels and enhance antioxidant capacity.