The goal of this special section was to encourage discussion about replication in assessment science, as well as the use and development of registered replication and open science more broadly. The contributions span a range of topics, from the replicability and generalizability of measurement models, to challenges in the replicability of results from intensively longitudinal designs, to a discussion of how preregistration should be used in assessment science. Collectively, the papers in this special section provide a view of replication as part of the process by which scientific theories are evaluated and evolve.